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Одна из наиболее известных находок переходных видов, берлинский экземпляр археоптерикса (Archaeopteryx lithographica)
Портал «Палеонтология»
Палеонтология в Викисловаре

В данной статье приведён примерный перечень ископаемых переходных форм, то есть останков существ, которые демонстрируют примитивные черты по сравнению с наиболее развитыми представителями своего таксона. Окаменелости перечислены в определённой последовательности, показывая переход от одной таксономической группы к другой и представляя значительные шаги в эволюции основных черт живых организмов в различных эволюционных линиях. Эти изменения часто представляют собой серьезные изменения в анатомии, связанные с образом жизни, например, приобретение оперённых крыльев птицами или ног тетраподами. Как отмечал ещё Дарвин, палеонтологическая летопись страдает опеределённой неполнотой[1].

В идеале этот список должен включать в себя только «истинные» переходные окаменелости, представляющие прямых предков, из которых далее развились известные таксономические группы. Однако большинство представленных здесь находок являются вымершими боковыми ветвями, более или менее тесно связанными с настоящими предковыми видами[2]. Все они также включают уникальные черты, характерные для своих эволюционных линий. Ископаемые, демонстрирующие небольшое количество таких уникальных черт, называются «переходными». Если же ископаемое имеет множество уникальных черт, не наблюдаемых ни в предковых, ни в производных группах, оно определяется как «промежуточное». Поскольку все виды всегда подвергаются естественному отбору, сам термин «переходное ископаемое» не является корректным. Однако это часто используемый термин и полезная концепция в эволюционной биологии. Окаменелости, представленные в списке, отражают важные шаги в развитии основных функций организмов в различных эволюционных линиях и в этом смысле соответствуют общепринятой интерпретации этого термина.

От наутилоидей к аммонитам

Эволюционная линия Наутилоидеи → Аммониты
Возраст
(млн. лет)		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
>500

Надотряд:

 200px
390

Отряд:
370

Подкласс:

Головоногие

Эволюционная линия [[Головоногие]
Возраст
(млн. лет)		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
296

Род:

 Самый ранний известный осьминог
164

Род:

 Примитивный осьминог 200px
165–164

Род:

 Ранний Vampyromorphida
89-71

Род:

 Примитивный осьминог 200px

Эволюция насекомых

Эволюционная линия Насекомые
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
400

Род:

Древнейшее известное насекомое
400

Род:

Ранний springtail.
300

Род:

Предок тараканов, mantids и термитов.
316.5

Род:

Примитивный таракан
140

Род:

Древнейший известный Lepidopteran.
92

Род:

Древнейший известный вид пчёл
80

Род:

Древнейший известный вид муравьёв.
56 - 34

Род:

 First leaf insect from the fossil record.

Эволюция пауковen

The Spideren
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
390

Род:

 Долгое время считался древнейшим пауком
165

Род:

 Древнейший известный haplogyne паук.

От беспозвоночных к рыбам

Эволюционная линия Беспозвоночные → Рыбы
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
523

Род:

 Ланцетникоподобное животное. Древнейший известный предок позвоночных

Черты позвоночных:

504

Class:

 Имел лучи плавников, мышцы в форме шеврона и хорду
530

Род:

 Предположительно имел череп и, таким образом, относился к черепным[3]
480–470

Род:

 Бесчелюстная рыба Хорошо бронированная бесчелюстная рыба, похожая на большого головастика
422-412

Род:

 Анапсида, предок челюстноротых[4] Беспанцирная чашуйчатая бесчелюстная рыба
419

Род:

 Древнейшая известная костная рыба[5]

Хрящевые рыбы

Эволюционная линия Хрящевые рыбы
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
370

Род:

 Ранняя примитивная акула
70 - 65

Род:

 Ранний пилорылый скат
99 – 65

Род:

 Ранний скат. 200px

Костные рыбы

Эволюционная линия Костные рыбы
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
420

Род:

Древнейшая известная Actinopterygiian.
 ???

Род:

 Ранний предок камбалообразных, один глаз смещён к центральной линии тела
48 – 37

Род:

 Древнейшая известная настоящая камбала
183.7–125.0

Род:

 Одна из первых костистых рыб.
99 – 93

Род:

 Древнейший известный угорь.
13

Род:

 Один из древнейших известных морских коньков
13

Род:

 Один из древнейших известных морских коньков
83 - 70

Род:

 Древнейший известный lamprid fish
56 - 34

Род:

 Примитивный sunfish
58 - 55

Род:

 Древнейший известный member of the catfish family Callichthyidae.
56 - 34

Род:

 Примитивный rabbitfish.
48 - 37

Род:

 Примитивный perch
58 - 55

Род:

 Примитивный pomfret
48 - 40

Род:

 An early handfish
48 - 40

Род:

 Древнейший известный ostraciid boxfish
48 - 40

Род:

 Древнейший известный aracanid boxfish
48 - 40

Род:

 A basal surgeonfish
48 - 40

Род:

 Примитивный monodactylid moonyfish
48 - 40

Род:

 Примитивный monodactylid moonyfish
48 - 40

Род:

 A short-snouted ancestor of the modern Moorish Idol.
83 - 65

Род:

 Примитивный member of the Tetraodontidae
83 - 65

Род:

 Примитивный Perciforme
58 - 55

Род:

 Примитивный member of the Zeidae
58 - 55

Род:

 Примитивный member of the Zeidae
 ???

Род:

 Примитивный member of the Ichthyodectidae
65

Род:

 Примитивный tetraodontid

Fish to tetrapods

Эволюционная линия Fish → Tetrapods
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
416-359

Род:

 An early member of the Tetrapodomorpha, the piscine line leading to tetrapods, Osteolepis is generalised enough to give a fair approximation of the common ancestor of tetrapods and lungfish.[6] Fish A small to medium sized sarcopterygian fish with internal nostrils and pectoral fins stiffened by bony components broadly homologous to the humerus and radius/ulna found in tetrapods.[6] 150px
385

Род:

 Belonging to the family Tristichopteridae, a family that form a sister group to Panderichthys and the tetrapods.[6] Though not on the evolutionary path to tetrapods, Eusthenopteron is of fairly general build and is very well known, serving as an iconic model organism in tetrapod evolution.[7] A medium sized,inly pelagic fish, Eusthenopteroninly use the pectoral and pelvic fins for navigation, and the tail for propulsion.[7] The fin was of diphycercal, foreshadowing the straightening of the spine and the evolution of a contiguous fin in fish like Panderichthys
380

Род:

 Very close to the origin of tetrapods, a "fishapod" elpistostegalian.[6] Fish A large, predatory shallow water fish. As common in shallow water fish, the pectoral and pelvic fins were flexible and paddle-like for propulsion.[8] The dorsal and anal fins are lost, the tail fin contiguous.[9] The spiracles were short and wide, indication large amount of oxygen were taken up by the lungs rather than through the gills.[10]
375

Род:

 A "fishapod" more tetrapod-like than Panderichthys.[6] A fish, transitional between fish and the early, fish-like labyrinthodonts.[11][12] "Fish" with stout, fleshy pectoral fins with a joint between the innermost and the two next bony elements, corresponding to the elbow in higher tetrapods. The cleithrum bone was free of the skull, functioning as anchoring for the pectoral fins, and at the same time allowing for movement of the neck.[12][13]
368

Род:

 Analysis of the cranialterial shows it was more advanced than Tiktaalik, and together with Obruchevichthys form a sister group to the higher tetrapods.[14] A fairly fragmentary find, Elginerpeton straddles the fish/tetrapod divide with a mosaic of features resembling Panderichthys, Ichthyostega and Hynerpeton.[14] Probably one of the "fishapods".[15] Though fragmentary, the find includes a shoulder blade (Cleitrum bone) as well as elements of the limbs, which shows it had comparable limbs Ichthyostega and Hynerpeton, indicating feet rather than fins.
365

Род:

 Known only from fragmentary remains, mostly a lower jaw, Ventastega is morphologically midway between Tiktaalik and Acanthostega/Ichthyostega.[16] Possibly oldest animal to have feet rather than fins.[16] A large, dorso-ventrally flattened predatory fish with a well armoured labyrinthodont-like skull. While the fins themselves has not been found, the shoulder girdle is essentially similar to that of Acanthostega, indicating it too had feet rather than fins.[16]
365

Род:

 Together with Ichthyostega the sole early labyrinthodont known from fairly complete skeletons. It is the oldest animal known to have feet rather than fins, thusking it a true tetrapod and Древнейший известный unquestionable ichthyostegalian.[17] First known animal with toes rather than fins. The feet were broad and paddle-like, adapted for movement in water.[18] It retained functional gills in adulthood, behind a fleshy operculum.
365

Род:

 Fairly closely related to Acanthostega. It possibly represent an early (and ultimately unsuccessful) line adapted to moving on land by inchworm-like movements. Together with Acanthostega the sole early labyrinthodont known from fairly complete skeletons. Early labyrinthodont with polydactylous, paddle-like feet and reinforced vertebrae and neural spines. It probably spent time on land, yet retained gills and a tail with fin rayes.
360

Род:

 While known only from fragmentary remains, it is more advanced than Ichthyostega. Early labyrinthodont amphibian A large, basically salamander-like creature. The shoulder girdle was powerful, indicating it was a competent walker.[19]
 ???

Род:

 An advanced ichthyostegalian, it straddle the divide between the fish-like Devonian forms and the more advanced Carboniferous amphibians. It has been suggested it is an early reptil-like amphibian.[20] A large animal with paddle-like six-toed feet. It did however not have gills in adulthood, and is thus the oldest labyrinthodont known to depend entirely on breathing with its lungs.[21]
359 - 345

Род:

 Hailing from the fossil-poor Romer's Gap, Pederpesy be ancestral to the higher labyrinthodonts. Intermediate between the earlier Ichthyostegalian and the later, more advanced labyrinthodonts. Despite an extra toe on the forelimbs, Pederpes had limbs that terminated in feet adapted primarely for walking rather than paddles for combined swimming and walking like the earlier groups.[22]
295

Род:

 The Temnospondyli are derived paleozoic amphibians, possibly ancestral to modern amphibians A "classical" temnospondyl, an advanced labyrinthodont group. One of the best known labyrinthodonts, Eryops combines the large, flat skull and short limbs typical of the group.
Эволюционная линия Labyrinthodontia → Lissamphibiaen
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
290

Род:

 Colloquially referred to as a "frogamander" due to this taxon being both chronologically and morphologically basal to both anurans and salamanders Идин из первых transitional fossils towards modern amphibians (Lissamphibia).[23] Primitive traits
  • Backbone with intermediate characteristics
  • Retains a fully developed tail

Derived traits

  • Bears a large space for a tympanic ear
  • Ankle bones are fused together like in salamanders
  • Lightly built wide skull as in frogs[23]

250

Род:

 Intermediate between generalized amphibians and derived frogs Early "almost frog" transitional amphibian Primitive traits
  • Possessed short limbs and therefore was unable to hop, unlike all extant anurans
  • Retains fourteen vertebra unlike modern frogs who have four to nine vertebra
  • Tibia and fibula are not fused into a tibiofibula

Derived traits

  • Skull resembles that of modern anuran skull with a latticework of thin bones in skull

190

Род:

 Another transitional form which could be properly classified as a frog An intermediate form whichy replace Triadobatrachus as the "ultimate" ancestor of anurans Primitive traits
  • Still possess relatively short limbs

Derived traits

  • Tail is greatly reduced
  • Does not have greatly enlarged legs, but shows some adaptations for hopping, such as a three-pronged pelvis
213-188

Род:

 A derived fossil frog completing the series of transitional fossils between early amphibians and modern anurans The oldest "true" frog[24] Primitive traits
  • Retains ten presacral vertebra

Derived traits

  • Hind legs are adapted for hopping

210

Род:

 Intermediate between basal amphibians and caecilians An early caecilian Primitive traits
  • Bears three-toed vestigial limbs
  • The size of the orbits indicates well developed eyes and suggest a non-subterranean lifestyle

Derived traits

  • The body has been adapted to a sort of serpentine shape

Amphibians to amniotes (early reptiles)

Эволюционная линия Amphibians → Reptiles
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
326 - 318

Род:

 One of the early reptile-like amphibians Amphibian A large, somewhat lizard-like labyrinthodont with a deep skull, laterally placed eyes and five digits to each foot.
 ???

Род:

 The order Diadectomorpha is the sister group of the amniotes. The Limnoscelis was originally described as a "cotylosaur" (early reptiles) together with the other diadectomorphans. Today the large-bodied diadectomorphs are thought to have had a larval stage, falling close to, but just outside the amphibian/reptile divide. A large, predatory reptile-like amphibian. The limbs are extremely heavily built, indicating it fed on slow moving prey.
 ???

Род:

 Uncertain phylogeny, possibly a Seymouriamorph or Diadectomorph[25][26] Amphibian A medium sized, probably herbivorious animal
350

Род:

 Uncertain phylogenetic position. Westlothianay be a small-bodied diadectopmorph, falling just outside the amphibian/reptile divide Originally described as the first reptile, it is now considered an advanced reptile-like amphibian. Small, probably insectovorious animal. The body and tail was long, the limbs small, somewhat like a modern skink.
320-305

Род:

 Possibly allied to the Diadectomorpha, or belonging to a sister group to Diadectomorpha and Amniota[27] Likely an amphibian[27] Smallish, likely carnivorious.[28]
340

Род:

 The fragmentary nature of the fossil (it lacks a cranium)kes an exact phylogenetic position hard to establish. Possibly the first animal with an amniote egg, and thus the first reptile. Small lizard-like animal, the first known tetrapod to possess claws, indicating it has reptilian type skin with scutes.[29]
315

Род:

 One of several small, basal reptile genera Reptile An early anapsid reptile, considered to be ancestral to both the synapsid and sauropsid lines, and thus the oldest representative of the crown group amniotes.
312 - 304

Род:

 One of several small, basal reptile genera Reptile (most likely a sauropsid) An early anapsid reptile. In phylogenetic analysis it falls on the sauropsid side, it is thus likely a progenitor of the diapsids

Черепахи

Эволюционная линия Turtleen
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
220

Род:

Древнейший известный turtle.

210

Род:
164

Род:

An evolutionary bridge between early land turtles and sea turtles.

From lizards to snakes

Эволюционная линия Lizard → Snake
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
92

Род:

 A transitional form between Cretaceous lizards and limbless snakes retaining distinct, if non-functional, legs.[30]
90

Род:

 A basal snake with two hind-limbs.

Lizards

The Lizarden
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
61 - 58

Род:

 Древнейший известный chameleon.
92

Род:

 A basal mosasauroid from the Upper Cretaceous of North America.
71 - 82

Род:

 One of the earliest Varanoidea.
146–100

Род:

 An primitive iguanid
97–100

Род:

 Древнейший известный gecko

Птерозавры

Rhamphorhynchoideaen → Pterodactyloideaen
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
160

Род:

 Basal to both rhamphorhynchoids and pterodactyloids
160

Genus

Archosaurs to dinosaurs

Шаблон:Expert-subject

Эволюционная линия Archosauriaen → Dinosauriaen Series
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
 ???

Род:

 Древнейший известный archosaur, Proterosuchus was one of the largest land reptile during the Early Triassic, about the size of to today's Komodo dragons. It looked somewhat crocodile-like, with sprawling legs, long jaws, powerful neck muscles and a long tail. A distinct proterosuchid trait is the peculiar hook-shaped mouth.

 ???

Род:
 ???

Род:

 Древнейший известный animal on the dinosaur/pterosaur side of the archosaurian tree (the Ornithodira), dating to about 245 million years ago.[33] A small, lightly built animal. It had a fairly long neck (contrary to the short necked relatives of crocodiles), but ran on all four legs.
 ???

Род:

 Known from a somewhat fragmentary find, Spondylosoma was possibly an early dinosaur, or near dinosaur.[34] It has however also been classified as a rauisuchian.[35]
228

Род:

 A very early representative of the sauropod stem line or perhaps even the Saurischia as a whole.[36][37][38] A small (1 meter, ~ 10 kg) bipedal carnivore with numerous sharp teeth. It was a swift digigrade runner. The forelimbs were half the length of the hindlimbs and the hands had five fingers

Dinosauria

Шаблон:Expert-subject

Эволюционная линия Dinosauriaen
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
228 to 216.5

Род:

Древнейший известный ornithischian.
216–200

Род:

 The most primitive well-known representative of the sauropodomorph dinosaurs.
 ???

Род:

 The oldest and most primitive known stegosaur.
 ???

Род:

 A basal pachycephalosaur from the Barremian Stage of the Cretaceous.
160

Род:

 A genus of basal ceratopsian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Period of central Asia.
160

Род:

 A genus of proceratosaurid tyrannosauroid dinosaur, one of Древнейший известный examples of the lineage.
126

Род:

 An early genus of therizinosaur
208–194

Род:

 One of the most primitive thyreophorans.
130–125

Род:

 A possible ancestor of the duck-billed dinosaurs.
 ???

Род:

 Примитивный (basal) ornithomimosaur.

Dinosaurs to birds

Подробное рассмотрение темы: Origin of birds
Подробное рассмотрение темы: Evolution of birds
Эволюционная линия Динозавры → Птицы
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
152-151

Род:

 Primitive traits
  • Undifferentiated hind digits displaying no specialties for climbing
  • Spine attaches to the back end of the skull rather than the base
  • Moderately long, bony tail

Derived traits

  • Basic proto-feathers cover parts of the body for insulation
168-152

Род:

 The find is represented only by a hind leg, but one that is very bird-like. It belonged to a small maniraptoran dinosaur with long, pennaceous feathers on its hind legs and (in all likelihood) arms.
161-151

Род:

 Basal troodontid Although once classified as a bird, Anchiornis is now considered a basal troodontid which bears pennaceous, symmetrical feathers on all four limbs. Primitive traits
  • Wings symmetrical and rounded, probably not used for flight but instead insulation,ting displays, and gliding
  • Long legs overall morphology similar to that of other troodontids
  • Spine attaches to the back end of the skull rather than the base
  • Moderately long, bony tail

Derived traits

  • Flexible wrists which are more similar to aves than other theropods
  • Like birds and unlike troodontids, Anchiornis had arms nearly the same length as the hind legs
  • Bore primary and secondary pennaceous symmetrical wings on both arms, legs, toes, and wrist
150–145

Род:

 Known for its mosaic of avian and theropod characteristics Archaeopteryx is both the first primitive bird in the fossil record and Идин из первых transitional fossils discovered. Traditionally seen as the first proper bird, though it is not directly ancestral to modern birds.[39] An excellent intermediate form between dinosaurs and birds. Capable of gliding, but lacking alula and keel, it could likely not sustain powered flight. Primitive traits
  • Slower dinosaur-like growth rate
  • No keel
  • Spine attaches to the back end of the skull rather than the base
  • Forelimbs have three unfused, clawed fingers, no alula
  • xilla and premaxilla bore unserrated teeth
  • Moderately long, bony tail

Derived traits

  • Fully developed asymmetrical flight feathers
  • Fused furcula from two joined clavicles
  • Backward and elongated pubis similar toniraptors, but not found in more primitive theropods
120

Род:

 Found in the famous Liaoning province Confuciusornis is the first primitive bird with a pygostyle. With its short tail and toothless beak, Confuciusornis is very modern looking compared to Archaeopteryx. The toothless beak is however a case of convergent evolution, as more advanced birds retained teeth, illustration the sometimes confusing mosaic evolution of the dinosaur-bird transition. Primitive traits
  • Retained unfused clawed digits, no alula
  • Sideways-facing glenoid joint

Derived traits

  • Short tail with fused vertebrae at the end (pygostyle)
  • Larger sternum with a low primitive keel
  • Unlike other early birds Confuciusornis had a toothless beak
115

Род:

 Primitive bird and possibly a descendant of "urvogels" like Archaeopteryx. First bird to possess an alula. Plesiomophic traits
  • Two unfused, functional digits remain on second and third digit

Derived traits

  • First digit bearing an alula rather than claw
93.5-75

Род:

 Considered a close relative to the ancestor to modern birds A flying bird found in several epochs in the late Cretaceous which still bore teeth, but in most respects very similar to Neornithes. Primitive traits
  • Numerous sharp teeth in much of the beak

Derived traits

  • Fused bones (metacarpals) II & III of the hand
  • Rigid ribcage with a well developed carina
  • No functional claws on the hand
  • Short childhood with distinct adult stage.[40]

Bird evolution

Шаблон:Expert-subject

Эволюционная линия Bird
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
60-58

Род:

The earliest-known Penguin.
 ???

Род:

 An early фламинго.
 ???

Род:

 An early gaviiform.
55-48

Род:

 An early psittacine.
 ???

Род:

 A basal falconiform.
50

Род:

 An early apodiform.

Синапсиды ("mammal-like reptiles") to млекопитающие

Эволюционная линия Синапсиды → Млекопитающие
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
 ???

Род:

 Known from very fragmentary finds, Protoclepsydropsy be the earlies synapsid (mammal-like reptile) A low-slung, lizard-like animal of moderate size.
306

Род:

 The oldest undisputed synapsid (mammal-like reptile) Primitive traits
  • A relatively flat, reptile-like skull
  • Typically reptilian sprawling gait
  • Generally lizard-like proportions with a dorso-ventrally flattened body

Derived traits
297 Род: Примитивный member of the Sphenacodontidae, or possibly just outside the group.[41][42] A pelycosaur-grade synapsid Derived traits
  • Two or three moderately large canine-like teeth about a third down the maxilla.[43]
  • Dentary bone the largest element of the lower jaw[42]
  • The skull deeper than in Archaeothyris
265

Род:

 An advanced member of the family Sphenacodontidae, from which the therapsids (advanced synapsids) evolved A pelycosaur-grade synapsid. At up to 4 meters, Dimetrodon was one of the largest animals of its time. The distinct sail of the backkes it the most recognized synapsid known

Primitive traits

  • Cold blooded metabolism dependent of external heat source (hence the "sail")[44]
  • Sprawling gait
  • No secondary palate
  • No enlarged side teeth in the lower jaw

Derived traits

  • Distinctly elongated 2nd and 3rd tooth on the maxilla, corresponding to the canine inmmals. The first canine generally longer than the second.[45]
  • Skull deep and narrow
  • Body overall deeper than in earlier forms
267

Род:

 Примитивный therapsid. About the size of a large dog, Biarmosuchus was a lightly built and likely fairly agile animal for its size.[46]

Primitive traits

Derived traits

  • A single canine as the first tooth on the maxilla, all otherxillary teeth small
  • Tendency for an enlarged caninelike tooth on the dentary
  • Internal nostrils covered by a partial fleshy palate[48]
  • Enlarged temporal opening giving more powerful bite
248-245

Род:
205

Род:
125

Род:

 An early crown groupmmal.

Млекопитающие

Эволюционная линия Млекопитающие
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
100–104

Род:

Древнейший известный monotreme.
125

Род:

The oldest metatherian known.
 ??

Род:

The earliest-known marsupial.
164-165

Род:

Древнейший известный eutherian[49]
63-50

Род:

Древнейший известный proboscidean.
60-55

Род:

The possible ancestor of the modern order Carnivora.
15.97–11.61

Род:

Древнейший известный cervid.
20-18

Род:

Древнейший известный bovid.
45-40

Род:

The oldest верблюд known, it was also the smallest.
 ???

Род:

Suspected to be the ancestor of modern tapirs and rhinoceroses.
55.4—48.6

Род:

Suspected to be the ancestor of modern tapirs.
38—33.9

Род:

Древнейший известный canid.
 ???

Род:

Древнейший известный lagomorph.
52.5

Род:

One of the two oldest known monospecific genera of bat.
2

Species:

Древнейший известный member of the giant panda clade.
63 - 61.7Ma

Род:

 Believed to be the earliest example of a primate or a proto-primate, a primatomorph precursor to the Plesiadapiformes.
12.5-8.5

Род:

This genusy have been the ancestor to the modern orangutans.
16 - 8

Род:

 Вероятный предок of living hippopotamids.
 ??

Род:

 Древнейший известный true (and scaled) pangolin.

Early artiodactylans to whales (evolution of whales)

Эволюционная линия whale
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
55.8 ± 0.2 - 33.9 ± 0.1

Род:
50

Род:
46

Род:
47

Род:
41-33

Род:
25

Род:
40-34

Род:
8-15

Род:
26

Род:

Evolution of sirenians

Эволюционная линия Sireniaen
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
50

Род:

Примитивный sirenian.
40

Род:

 ???

Род:
48.6–33.9

Род:

An evolutionary bridge between primitive land-dwelling sirenians to aquatic sirenians
???

Род:

Evolution of the pinnipeds

Эволюционная линия Pinniped
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
21 to 24

Род:

Древнейший известный pinniped.

 ???

Род:

 A very basal pinniped.
24-22

Род:

 An early seal, but with more primitive skull and feet.

Evolution of the horse

Эволюционная линия Hyracotherium → Equus
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
60-45

Род:
40-30

Род:
20

Род:
17-11

Род:
12

Род:
1.8-0

Род:

Human evolution

Подробное рассмотрение темы: Timeline of human evolution
Эволюционная линия Человек
Возраст,
млн.лет		 Таксон Отношения Статус Описание Фото
36-32

Род:

 The oldest primitive monkey known in the fossil record, dating back before the split between Old and New world monkeys. Basal to both Old and New world monkeys. Primitive traits
  • Smaller canines than later monkeys such as Parapithecusen
  • Retains some post-cranial characters seen in prosimians

Derived traits

  • Fusedndibular symphysis
  • Scapula similar to modern squirrel monkeys
  • Low rounded molar cusps rather than high cusps as is seen in tarsiers and strepsirrhine
33

Genus

 A Miocene monkey which bridges the gap between the Eocene ancestors of Old world monkeys and Miocene ancestor of Hominoidea. Tentatively positioned transitional form prior to the Old world monkey/ape split. Primitive traits
  • Retained auditory features similar to Old world monkeys
  • Incapable of true brachiation unlike extant apes
  • Reduced capitular tail, but was proportionally smaller than Apidiumen

Derived traits

  • Ape-like teeth including broad, flat incisors and sexually dimorphic canines
  • A low sagittal keel and strong temporalis muscles
  • Increased size in the visual cortex
27-14

Genus

 This primate exhibits very ape-like features like its teeth, but much of its post-cranial remains are more similar to monkeys. Universally accepted to be intermediate between 'ape-like monkeys' such as Aegyptopithecus and later apes including hominids. Primitive traits
  • Monkey-like wrist
  • Narrow, monkey-like illium

Derived traits

  • Completely lacked a fully formed tail
  • 5-Y pattern on lower molar cusps as also seen in hominoids
13

Род:

 A European ape which is considered to be the predecessor of the great apes. Some objections have been raised to this fossils status due to its location in Spain, but Pierolapithecus is likely a transitional taxon between generalized apes and the lineage which led to great apes. Pleisomorphic traits
  • Relatively short fingers and walked in a similar quadrupedal fashion like baboons
  • Lacks adaptations for both gibbon-style brachaition as well as derived knuckle-walking like in chimpanzee's and gorilla's

Derived traits

  • Flat, wider rib cage like great apes for tree-climbing
  • The clavicle is large and similar to modern chimps suggesting a dorsally positioned scapula
4.4

Род:

 A woodland hominid adapted to quadruped arboreal locomotion, but also for bipedalism. Intermediate between the last common ancestor of chimps and humans, and the australopithecines. Primitive traits
  • Brains smaller than later hominids ranging from about 300-350 cc
  • Foot thumb is not retracted into the foot as a 'big toe'
  • Phalanges are more heavily curved than in Australopithecusen

Derived traits

  • Reduced size in canines, however still retained dimorphic characters
  • Hind leg dominant, bipedal locomotion while walking, however were quadrupedal while climbing trees
4.4-2.0

Род:

 First known genus of fully bipedal apes which are probably ancestral to robust australopiths and the genus Homoen. Intermediate between extinct quadrupedal and bipedal apes. While the relationship between some species are being revised, Australopithecus afarensisen is considered to be, by most experts, the ancestor to all later hominids. Primitive traits
  • Some species retain a sagittal crest
  • Curved phalanges, indicating semi-arboreal lifestyle
  • Semisectorial premolar is present
  • Prognathic face to varying degrees

Derived traits

  • Fully bipedal as indicated byny features including the knee joint, hips, lumbar curve in the spine, position of the foramengnum, and feet
  • Increase in brain size ranging from about 375-500 cc
  • Development of a parabolic jaw
2.3-1.4

Вид:

 An early human which is the morphological link between australopithecines and later human species. Perfect intermediate between early hominids and later humans, possibly ancestral to modern humans. Primitive traits
  • Pronounced brow ridge
  • Foramengnum is not positioned as anteriorly like in modern humans, giving a slightly semi-erect appearance
  • Although reduced in size the teeth are still fairly large

Derived traits

  • Increase brain size ranging from 510-800 cc
  • Face is slightly prognathic, but at a much steeper angle
  • Bulge in the Broca area, possibly the first hominid to use rudimentary speech
  • Associated with the first use of stone tools
2.0-1.0

Species:

 Very successful hominid, which was probably ancestral to both modern humans and neanderthals. Probably the first hominid to leave and successfully colonize territories outside of Africa. Ancestral to modern humans and neanderthals. Primitive traits
  • Still retains a heavy brow ridge and nuchal torus
  • Lacked the complexity of modern human language, but does show increase in the Broca area
  • Thicker bones and larger teeth than modern humans

Derived traits

  • Rounder and larger brain (about 900-1100 cc) than H. habilis
  • Face is orthognathic compared to H. habilis
  • Probably lived in bands and was an active group hunter
  • Associated with advanced stone tools and possibly the first hominid to use and produce fire
500 Ka-recent

Species

 Homo rhodesiensis was the immediate ancestor of modern humans which evidently displaced the neanderthals in Europe and the island 'hobbits' of southeast Asia. H. rhodesiensis evolved from Homo erectusen about half a million years ago but still retains some primitive characteristics such as relatively thick bones and molars larger than modern humans. Ancestral to modern humans. Primitive traits
  • Large teeth
  • Heavy brow ridge
  • Extremely robust build in most groups

Derived traits

  • Rounder, less broad based cranium
  • Larger brain size, approaching (and sometimes exceeding) modern values

See also

В Википедии есть портал
«Paleontology»

References

  1. ↑ Darwin, C (1859) On the Origin of Species. Chapter 10: On the Imperfection of the Geological Record.
  2. 10.1038/nature01264. исправить
  3. Major events in early vertebrate evolution: palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics, and development. — Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 2001. — P. 188. — ISBN 978-0-415-23370-5.
  4. ↑ (2009) «The oldest articulated osteichthyan reveals mosaic gnathostome characters». Nature 458: 469–474.
  5. ↑ Osteolepiforms and the ancestry of tetrapods». Nature 395 (6704): 792–794. 1998Natur.395..792A.
  6. ↑ 1 2 R. Cloutier. Taxonomic review of Eusthenopteron foordi. // Devonian Fishes and Plants of Miguasha, Quebec, Canada. — Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, München, 1996. — P. 487–502.
  7. The pelvic fin and girdle of Panderichthys and the origin of tetrapod locomotion
  8. ↑ (1995) «Between fish and amphibians». Nature 373: 389–390.
  9. PMID 16421569.
  10. Scientists Call Fish Fossil the Missing Link, 5 April 2006.
  11. ↑ 1 2 Shubin Neil. Your Inner Fish. — Pantheon, 2008. — ISBN 978-0-375-42447-2.
  12. Meet Your ancestor, the Fish that crawled. New Scientistgazine. Проверено 7 февраля 2007.
  13. ↑ 1995Natur.373..420A.
  14. Elginerpeton pacheni at Devonian Times Шаблон:WebCite
  15. ↑ 2008Natur.453.1199A. article
  16. Getting a leg up on land» (Scientific American).
  17. Acanthostega gunneri," Devonian Times. Шаблон:WebCite
  18. ↑ Shubin Neil. Your Inner Fish: A Journey Into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body. — New York: Vintage, 2009. — ISBN 978-0-307-27745-9.
  19. ↑ Lebedev, O.A. (1984). «The first find of a Devonian tetrapod vertebrate in the USSR» (Russian). Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 278: 1470–1473.
  20. The Greatest Step In Vertebrate History: A Paleobiological Review of the Fish-Tetrapod Transition» (PDF). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77 (5): 700–719.
  21. PMID 12097908.
  22. ↑ PMID 18497824.
  23. ↑ Estes, R., and O. A. Reig. (1973): The early fossil record of frogs: a review of the evidence. Pp. 11-63 In J. L. Vial (Ed.), Evolutionary Biology of the Anurans: Contemporary Research onjor Problems. University of Missouri Press, Columbia.
  24. ↑ Moss J.L. (1972). «The Morphology and phylogenetic relationship of the Lower Permian tetrapod Tseajaia campi Vaughn (Amphibia: Seymouriamorpha)». University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 98: 1–72.
  25. ↑ (1992) «Reinterpretation of the temporal and occipital regions in Diadectes and the relationship of diadectomorphs». Journal of Paleontology 66: 481–499.
  26. ↑ 1 2 Gauthier J., Kluge, A.G., & Rowe, T. (1988) The early evolution of the Amniota. In: M. J. Benton (ed.) The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods, Volume 1: amphibians, reptiles, birds (1): pp 103-155. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  27. Solenodonsaurus on the TOL-web
  28. (abstract), Nature 398, 508-513 (8 April 1999)
  29. Fossilized Snake With Two Legs Found - Science - redOrbit. Проверено 16 апреля 2008.
  30. Blogspot.com
  31. Wordpress.com
  32. 2010Natur.464...95N.
  33. ↑ Langer, M.C. (2004). Basal Saurischia. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., and Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria (second edition). University of California Press:Berkeley, 25-46. ISBN 0-520-24209-2
  34. ↑ (2000) «Are Spondylosoma and Staurikosaurus (Santaria Formation, Middle-Upper Triassic, Brasil) the oldest saurischian dinosaurs?». Palaontologische Zeitschrift 74 (3): 393–423.
  35. ↑ R.N.rtinez et al. A basal dinosaur from the dawn of the dinosaur era in southwestern Pangaea. Science, Vol. 331, 14 January 2011, p. 206.
  36. "Move over Eoraptor", http://www.nature.com/news, 13-1-2011.
  37. ISBN 978-0-12-226810-6
  38. 10.4202/app.2010.0039.
  39. ↑ Re-evaluation of Cutleria wilmarthi, an Early Permian synapsid from Colorado». Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14 (1): 134–138.
  40. ↑ Romer, A.S.; Price, L.L. (1940). «Review of the Pelycosauria». Special Papers of the Geological Siciety of America 28: 1–538.
  41. ↑ (2001) «Natural environment and thermal behavior of Dimetrodon limbatus".». Journal of Thermal Biology 26 (1): 15–20.
  42. Dimetrodon Is Not a Dinosaur: Using Tree Thinking to Understand the Ancient Relatives ofmmals and their Evolution Evolution: Education and Outreach, Volume 2, Number 2, 257-271, Palaeos website.
  43. Forerunners ofmmals. — Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011. — P. 272–286. — ISBN 0-253-35697-0.
  44. New therapsid specimens and the origin of the secondary hard and soft palate ofmmals». Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 34 (1): 9–19. 10.1111/j.1439-0469.1996.tb00805.x.
  45. A Jurassic eutherianmmal and divergence ofrsupials and placentals». Nature 476 (7361): 442–445. 2011Natur.476..442L. Electronic supplementaryterial

External links

  • Vuletic.com, Section V: Paleontology – Transitional fossils between every animal group
  • Palaeos.com, Palaeos vertebrates starting with lobe-finned fish (very comprehensive)
  • Talk.origins.org, FAQ: Transitional vertebrate fossils
  • (A few) transitional fossils

Шаблон:Use dmy dates

Участник:AdmiralHood/Динозавришница.

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